Showing 13487 items
1 January, 2000
Cyanobacteria are primitive phototrophic prokaryotes whose long evolutionary history dates back to the Proterozoic era. Their ubiquity on the planet and dominance in hot and cold deserts is a measure…1 January, 2000
Surface habitats in Antarctic deserts are near the limits of life on Earth and resemble those hypothesized for early Mars. Cyanobacteria dominate the transient riverbeds, stromatolitic sediments in ice-covered lakes,…Read more on Antarctic ecosystems as models for extraterrestrial surface habitats
1 January, 2000
Fourier-transform laser Raman spectroscopy in the near infrared (1064 nm) has been used to characterize a variety of key pigments and biomolecules produced by cyanobacteria and other stress-tolerant microbes in…1 January, 2000
Lichens are found at the limits of polar life in the Antarctic Dry Valleys under extreme conditions of UVB radiation, desiccation and low temperature. They may even have evolved in…Read more on Lichens at the limits of life: past perspectives and modern technology
1 January, 2000 by Martin Collins
The commensal relationship between a snailfish, tentatively identified as Careproctus sp. (Osteichthyes: Liparidae), and the lithodid crab Paralomis formosa (Crustacea: Lithodidae) was photographed in situ using a baited camera vehicle,…1 January, 2000
The validity of a radiative transfer model can be checked either by comparing its results with measurements or with solutions for artificial cases. Unfortunately, neither type of comparison can guarantee…Read more on From model intercomparison toward benchmark UV spectra for six real atmospheric cases
1 January, 2000
Samples were collected from the top 200 m of the water column at 50 stations during two cruises in different, near equinoctial seasons on an Atlantic transect near the 20°W…Read more on Bacterial growth and grazing loss in contrasting areas of North and South Atlantic
1 December, 1999
While some people involved in the acoustic remote sensing field are aware of the possibility of receiving dot echoes from nonatmospheric targets, most of the papers available in the scientific…Read more on Quantitative analysis and interpretation of dot echoes observed with a Doppler sodar
1 December, 1999 by Gareth Marshall, John Turner
The quality of the Antarctic operational analyses that were distributed over the Global Telecommunications System during the First Regional Observing Study of the Troposphere project special observing period of July…Read more on An assessment of operational Antarctic analyses based on data from the FROST Project
1 September, 1999 by Anna Jones, Eric Wolff
The occurence of a diurnal variability in measured total oxidised nitrogen (NOy) was observed at Neumayer, Antarctica, (70 degrees 39'8, 8 degrees 15'W) during a recent summer measurement campaign. Minima…Read more on Investigating possible causes of the observed diurnal variability in Antarctic NOy
1 August, 1999 by John Turner
Extensive oceanographic and atmospheric observations obtained during three independent experiments in the Atlantic Ocean are used to demonstrate the relationship between wind speed and the temperature deviation ΔT, which is…Read more on Implications of the oceanic thermal skin temperature deviation at high wind speed
1 June, 1999
A simple one-dimensional sandpile model is constructed which possesses exact analytical solvability while displaying both scale-free behavior and fractal properties. The sandpile grows by avalanching on all scales, yet its…Read more on Exactly solvable sandpile with fractal avalanching
1 June, 1999 by Richard Horne
Electron pitch angle distributions sharply peaked at 90 degrees pitch angle were first recorded in the energy range 50 eV < E < 500 eV by the GEOS1 and GEOS2…Read more on ‘Pancake’ electron distributions in the outer radiation belts
1 March, 1999 by David Barnes, Rod Arnold
Aim Encrusting faunal communities on rocks were examined from Southern Ocean intertidal and subtidal (6 m) zones to investigate potential change with latitude. Location The site locations were South Georgia…1 January, 1999 by Paul Rodhouse
Ommastrephid squid of the genus Illex form an important trophic component of large areas of the Atlantic ocean, both as prey for fish, seabirds, whales and other cephalopods, and as…1 January, 1999 by Paul Rodhouse
Levels of genetic diversity and population differentiation were examined in temporally (1990 to 1997) and geographically separated samples of the argentine short-finned squid Illex argentines using 7 microsatellite loci. Number…1 January, 1999 by Michael Pinnock
The SuperDARN radars are proving to be a very powerful experimental tool for exploring solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere interactions. They measure the autocorrelation function (ACF) of the transmitted signal backscattered from the…Read more on On the SuperDARN autocorrelation function observed in the ionospheric cusp
1 January, 1999 by Peter Ward
Euphausia superba (hereafter 'krill') and copepods are major zooplankton taxa in the Southern Ocean, but there is little information on how they interact. This paper investigates their coincidence across a…1 January, 1999 by Roger Worland, William Block
On the sub-Antarctic island of South Georgia the field distributions of two herbivorous perimyloid beetles Hydromedion sparsutum and Perimylops antarcticus overlap with the latter occurring at higher altitudes. An introduced…1 January, 1999
The ionospheric signature of a flux transfer event (FTE) seen in EISCAT radar data has been used as the basis for a modelling study using a new numerical model of…Read more on Localized structure in the cusp and high-latitude ionosphere: a modelling study
1 January, 1999
Physical and chemical characteristics and solution geochemistry of major and trace elements were investigated in an area of volcanic soil colonized by mosses at Edmonson Point (central Victoria Land) during…1 January, 1999
Marine geophysical data from the western Falkland Plateau show strongly lineated magnetic anomalies and a coincident linear gravity high that identify the southeastern margin of a Falkland Islands block as…1 January, 1999
Assessment of southwest Gondwana break-up and its implications for regional hydrocarbon prospectivity must now take into account the origin of the southeast margin of the Falkland Islands as a volcanic…Read more on Falkland Plateau evolution and a mobile southernmost South America
1 January, 1999
The climate record of glacially transported sediments in prograded wedges around the Antarctic outer continental shelf, and their derivatives in continental rise drifts, may be combined to produce an Antarctic…Read more on Antarctic glacial history from numerical models and continental margin sediments
1 January, 1999 by David Barnes
Erect bryozoans are extremely abundant and diverse in polar waters and individual species may span a wide range in latitude and bathymetry. A number of aspects of lifestyle, including polypide…1 January, 1999 by David Barnes
Polar benthic communities are subject to a range of disturbance levels from a variety of sources, principal amongst which is ice. This occurs in four main forms: the ice-foot, ice…Read more on The influence of ice on polar nearshore benthos
1 January, 1999
Summary 1. The plankton dynamics of Ace Lake, a saline, meromictic basin in the Vestfold Hills, eastern Antarctica was studied between December 1995 and February 1997. 2. The lake supported two distinct…Read more on Annual plankton dynamics in an Antarctic saline lake
1 January, 1999
We investigated the relationship between body mass and the rate and pattern of feather growth of the four outermost primaries of Wandering Albatross (Diomedea exulans) chicks. Maximum growth rates were…Read more on Wing and primary growth of the Wandering Albatross
1 January, 1999
The diet of breeding white-chinned petrels was studied during the summers of 1996 and 1998 at South Georgia. Krill abundance/availability was high throughout 1996 but apparently low at the beginning…1 January, 1999
The influence of two sampling protocols on diet determination of two marine predators, the gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) and Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella), was investigated. The collection of diet…1 January, 1999
Rhynchonellid brachiopods are reported for the first time from the Oberek Cliff Member of the Oligocene Polonez Cove Formation of King George Island, South Shetland Islands, West Antarctica. Rhynchonellids are…Read more on Rhynchonellid brachiopods from the Oligocene of King George Island, West Antarctica
1 January, 1999
The nitrogenous excretion rates (total ammonia nitrogen, urea, and primary amines) of plunderfish Harpagifer antarcticus were related significantly to length and to wet mass (mass exponents of 0·94, 1·01, 1·07…Read more on Nitrogenous excretion in the Antarctic plunderfish
1 January, 1999
This study examined three competing hypotheses to explain how lactating Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) respond to changes in the level of resource availability. Antarctic fur seals have episodic bouts…1 January, 1999
Archival data loggers were used to collect information about depth, swimming speed, and heart rate in 23 free-ranging antarctic fur seals. Deployments averaged 9.6 ± 5.6 days (SD) and totaled…Read more on Heart rate and behaviour of fur seals: implications for measurement of field energetics
1 January, 1999 by William Block
On the sub-Antarctic island of South Georgia two species of predatory beetle, Trechisibus antarcticus and Oopterus soledadinus (Coleoptera, Carabidae), were accidentally introduced. The colonisation process offers unique opportunities for testing…1 January, 1999 by Eugene Murphy, Philip Trathan
The sub-Antarctic island of South Georgia lies in polar waters to the south of the Polar Front and is influenced by the Weddell Scotia Confluence whose waters reach the island’s…Read more on The shelf break front to the east of the sub-Antarctic island of South Georgia
1 January, 1999 by Alistair Crame
Isopods are one of the key marine groups that radiated extensively in the southern high-latitude regions, and it is widely assumed that they did so essentially through the Cenozoic era.…1 January, 1999
The euphausiid Euphausia crystallorophias Holt and Tattersall, 1906 is considered to be a neritic species. It has been found in greatest abundance along the Antarctic continental margins, often in association…1 January, 1999 by Jonathan Watkins
Acoustic estimates of the densities of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, in areas around South Georgia (SG) and Elephant Island (EI) were compared for seven austral summers between 1981 and 1997.…1 January, 1999 by Jonathan Watkins
Acoustic estimates of densities of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, at South Georgia during 11 austral summers between 1981 and 1998 are presented. Krill density at the island fluctuated widely from…Read more on Acoustic estimates of krill density at South Georgia, 1981 to 1998
1 January, 1999
The Antarctic euphausiids Euphausia superba and E. crystallorophias were sampled using an 8 m2 rectangular midwater trawl inside the caldera of Deception Island. Specimens of the same species were collected on…1 January, 1999
The metamorphic rocks of the La Grange Nunataks, northwestern Shackleton Range, have a complex structural and metamorphic history, involving Mid-Proterozoic and Ross- (Cambro-Ordovician) aged events. The protolith of the Stratton…1 January, 1999
Fatty acid signature analysis (FASA) makes use of specific fatty acids, as well as entire profiles, to study dietary relationships at different trophic levels. Previously, FASA has been used in…1 January, 1999
The abundance, biomass and community structure of phytoplankton, bacterioplankton and protozooplankton in a maritime Antarctic lake were determined at approximately monthly intervals from December 1994 to February 1996 and compared…1 January, 1999
Changes in abundance, diversity and productivity of plankton in a maritime Antarctic lake were studied between December 1994 and February 1996. There were large intra- and inter-annual fluctuations in population…Read more on Temporal plankton dynamics in a maritime Antarctic Lake
1 January, 1999
METHOD: A retrospective study was performed of 10 yr of medical records to determine the type, severity, etiological factors and treatment of cold injury experienced by members of the British…1 January, 1999
A retrospective analysis of all skiing injuries experienced by members of the British Antarctic Survey between 1989 and 1995 was undertaken to test the hypothesis that skiing was responsible for…Read more on The epidemiology of skiing injuries in Antarctica
1 January, 1999
This paper describes the first ever mesospheric wind observations from Halley, Antarctica, over a full year. The recent implementation of an Imaging Doppler Interferometer at Halley is providing a new,…1 January, 1999 by Andrew Clarke, Nadine Johnston
1. We examined published studies relating resting oxygen consumption to body mass and temperature in post-larval teleost fish. The resulting database comprised 138 studies of 69 species (representing 28 families…Read more on Scaling of metabolic rate with body mass and temperature in teleost fish
1 January, 1999 by Mark Clilverd
We examine the possibility of earthquake precursors influencing the subionospheric propagation of VLF transmissions. We consider the long (12 Mm) path from northeastern United States to Faraday, Antarctica (65°S, 64°W),…Read more on Investigating seismoionospheric effects on a long subionospheric path
1 January, 1999 by Mark Clilverd
We present a detailed study of the times of amplitude minima observed on the 12-Mm path from NAA (24 kHz, 1 MW, Cutler, Maine) to Faraday, Antarctica, during the period…Read more on Sunrise effects on VLF signals propagating over a long north-south path
1 January, 1999 by Mark Clilverd
It is shown that the investigation of lightning activity levels, using very low frequency radio emissions near 10 kHz, needs to take into account the significant influences of subionospheric propagation.…Read more on Diurnal and annual variations in 10-kHz radio noise
1 January, 1999 by Mark Clilverd
Modeling studies show that the exclusion of the propagating VLF wave from the ionospheric region results in the decline of Trimpi magnitude with patch altitude. In large models such as…Read more on Latitudinally dependent Trimpi effects: modeling and observations
1 January, 1999
Port Lockroy, situated on the Antarctic Peninsula, is one of the most visited tourist sites in Antarctica. The effects of visitor disturbance on the breeding performance of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis…1 January, 1999 by John Turner, Steve Colwell
An assessment is made of the availability of Antarctic synoptic observations on the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Global Telecommunication System (GTS) during the trial periods (5–9 July 1993 and 1–15…Read more on Antarctic meteorological observations on the GTS during the FROST project
1 January, 1999 by Peter Convey, Rod Arnold, William Block
Qualitative samples of Collembola were obtained from a range of substrates near Husvik, Stromness Bay, South Georgia, between January anti March 1996. Collections made at Hope Point near Grytviken (Cumberland…1 January, 1999 by Peter Convey
During January and February 1997, two separate surveys of the birds and seals of the South Sandwich Islands archipelago were made, with further data obtained from the northern islands during…Read more on Survey of marine birds and mammals of the South Sandwich Islands
1 January, 1999 by Alistair Crame
New 87Sr/86Sr dating allows the correlation of a marker horizon within the prolific Late Cretaceous Gunnarites antarcticus faunal assemblage of the Cape Lamb Member, Snow Hill Island Formation, Vega Island,…1 January, 1999 by Alistair Crame
The origins of present day benthic marine faunas from both the Magellan and Antarctic provinces may lie as far back as the Early Cretaceous (approx. 130 Ma). This was the…1 January, 1999 by Jonathan Watkins
The fatty acid content of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba from South Georgia was investigated during January and February 1996, a period of relatively low algal biomass. Cluster analysis of the…1 January, 1999 by Andrew Wood
Records (by a scientific observer on a longline fishing vessel around the Falkland Islands) of 86 different individually colour-banded wandering albatrosses from South Georgia, provide new insights into the use…1 January, 1999
Penguins are often considered to be as ecologically and behaviourally homogenous as their morphology. Their structural morphology and associated physiological adaptations are governed by the demands of operating as flightless,…1 January, 1999
Knowledge of relationships between prey availability and predator performance is the key to using predators as indicators of the state of marine systems and to assessing potential consequences of competition…1 January, 1999 by Philip Leat, Teal Riley
The Ellsworth Mountains of West Antarctica represent part of a displaced terrane once situated along the palaeo-Pacific margin of Gondwana, prior to supercontinent break-up, adjacent to South Africa and the…1 January, 1999
Deposition of the Upper Cambrian succession of the Ellsworth Mountains was influenced by major, episodic tectonically-driven changes to the depositional basin geometry. We subdivide the succession into four stratigraphical sequences…1 January, 1999
The elemental and biochemical composition of eight moss species from the maritime Antarctic were determined fornightly (summer) or monthly (winter) from December 1992 to November 1994. Short-duration summer carbohydrate maxima…Read more on The elemental and biochemical composition of bryophytes from the maritime Antarctic
1 January, 1999
The early South Atlantic was subdivided latitudinally by the proto-Walvis Ridge, which separated early Cretaceous open marine conditions in the south from non-marine environments to the north. Changes in the…1 January, 1999
The Raman microspectra of the Nakhla SNC meteorite, which probably originates from Mars, are reported here for the first time. The specimen is shown to be heterogeneous, even at a…Read more on Comparative Raman microscopy of a Martian meteorite and Antarctic lithic analogues
1 January, 1999
There are frequent reports of mummified seals in the cold deserts of Antarctica. However, a mummified penguin found over 100 miles from the coast and at an altitude of 600…Read more on FT-Raman spectroscopy of avian mummified tissue of archaeological relevance
1 January, 1999 by William Block
1. Recently, a small predatory beetle, Trechisibus antarcticus (Carabidae), was accidentally introduced onto the island of South Georgia, sub-Antarctic. 2. From the presumed site of introduction the beetle is invading…1 January, 1999
A large sample of otoliths from the mackerel icefish (Champsocephalus gunnari) was measured and weighed and their effectiveness as predictors of fish length and fish mass determined. The two measures,…Read more on Otolith and body size relationships in the mackerel icefish (Champsocephalus gunnard)
1 January, 1999
The essential aim of biological sampling is to obtain samples that are representative of the targets under consideration. Sampling in support of in situ target strength studies should be aimed…1 January, 1999
Analyses of size at sexual maturity were undertaken on samples of Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) caught in the commercial fishery within Subarea 48.3. The results for 1996 indicate that Lm50…Read more on Size at sexual maturity of Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides)
1 January, 1999
1. Bottom trawl surveys on the South Georgia shelf indicate episodic declines in the abundance of the mackerel icefish Champsocephalus gunnari that, since 1990, are not directly attributable to commercial fishing.…1 January, 1999
The sea-surface distribution of four selected fossilizable phytoplankton groups (coccolithophores, diatoms, silicoflagellates and dinoflagellates) has been studied along a transect from Cape Town (34°S) to South Sandwich Islands (57°S) during…1 January, 1999 by Michael Pinnock
On 7 December 1992, a moderate substorm was observed by a variety of satellites and ground-based instruments. Ionospheric flows were monitored near dusk by the Goose Bay HF radar and…1 January, 1999 by Mervyn Freeman
We study an aspect of substorm occurrence during Earth passage of the October 1995 magnetic cloud and the corotating stream overtaking it. The substorms were identified primarily by five latitudinal…1 January, 1999 by Eric Wolff
The calcium (representing dust) concentration record of the last 100,000 years from the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) ice core shows a huge dynamic range (factor>100). The relationship between dust…1 January, 1999
This study examined pituitary sensitivity to exogenous gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in relation to time of year and changes in plasma progesterone, testosterone, luteinising hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations…1 January, 1999
A 181 m long ice core was drilled at 79°36′51″ S, 45°43′28″ W, near the summit of Berkner Island, Antarctica (886 m a.s.l.). Berkner Island is located between the Filchner…Read more on Density log of a 181 m long ice core from Berkner Island, Antarctica
1 January, 1999
Present radiative transfer methods in physically based energy budget models of snow do not include adequate spectral or directional resolution to deal with the scattering of solar radiation. This paper…Read more on Incorporation of spectral and directional radiative transfer in a snow model
1 January, 1999 by Sandra McInnes, Sandra McInnes
Cryoconite holes, supraglacial ponds and moulins of the Greenland Ice Sheet were surveyed for microbiota and meiofauna. These habitats are colonised by depauperate communities of widespread/cosmopolitan microbes, microalgae, rotifers and…Read more on Tardigrades, and other cryoconite biota, on the Greenland Ice Sheet
1 January, 1999
The thermal sensitivity of mitochondrial function was investigated in the stenothermal Antarctic fish Lepidonotothen nudifrons. State 3 respiration increases with increasing temperature between 0 °C and 18 °C with a Q 10…1 January, 1999
Dinoflagellate cyst analysis has been undertaken on three Kasten cores taken from the Falkland Trough, Scotia Sea and Weddell Sea in the area of the Antarctic Peninsula. Two of these…1 January, 1999
Dinoflagellate cysts have been recovered from six long-term (1–2 yr) sediment trap moorings deployed in the Bellingshausen, Weddell and Scotia seas, Antarctica. These traps, mostly moored near the sea bed…1 January, 1999 by John Turner
Polar mesocyclones are subsynoptic-scale low pressure systems that form over high-latitude oceans in a cold air mass. It is known that these systems can be very vigorous but only relatively…1 January, 1999 by John Turner
Causal mechanisms of mesocyclone and synoptic cyclone characteristics over the Northeast Atlantic and Nordic Seas are investigated using a 2-year database compiled from infrared satellite imagery. A strong seasonality is…1 January, 1999
An objective assessment of maturity in the loliginid squid Loligo gahi was tested using a method developed for L. pealeii utilizing principal component and discriminant analyses. Samples were taken from…