Showing 11500 items
28 June, 2023 by Huw Griffiths, Katrin Linse, Peter Enderlein
Deep-sea benthic fauna is vital for a well-functioning marine ecosystem but is increasingly under threat from a changing environment. To monitor and conserve this fauna, an understanding of their large-scale…Read more on Pan-Atlantic Comparison of Deep-Sea Macro- and Megabenthos
27 June, 2023
Numerous terrestrial and marine organisms, including cephalopods, are capable of light emission. In addition to communication, bioluminescence is used for attraction and defense mechanisms. The present review aims to: (i)…Read more on Bioluminescence in cephalopods: biodiversity, biogeography and research trends
26 June, 2023 by Alexandra Weiss, Andrew Meijers, Dave Munday, Dani Jones, Emma Boland, Povl Abrahamsen, Alexander Brearley, Michael Meredith, Shenjie Zhou
The 5-year Ocean Regulation of Climate by Heat and Carbon Sequestration and Transports (ORCHESTRA) programme and its 1-year extension ENCORE (ENCORE is the National Capability ORCHESTRA Extension) was an approximately…26 June, 2023 by Andrew Meijers, Povl Abrahamsen, Fabian Haumann, Geraint Tarling, Alexander Brearley, Mark Barham, Michael Meredith
The Southern Ocean upper-layer freshwater balance exerts a global climatic influence by modulating density stratification and biological productivity, and hence the exchange of heat and carbon between the atmosphere and…26 June, 2023 by Andrew Meijers
The Southern Ocean is an extreme environment. The vast area it covers, roaring winds, mountainous seas and treacherous ice all combine to make it both a challenge and a privilege…26 June, 2023 by Andrew Meijers, Povl Abrahamsen, Alexander Brearley, Michael Meredith, Natasha Lucas, Shenjie Zhou
The Southern Ocean greatly contributes to the regulation of the global climate by controlling important heat and carbon exchanges between the atmosphere and the ocean. Rates of climate change on…Read more on Southern ocean carbon and heat impact on climate
26 June, 2023 by Andrew Meijers
The effect of the Southern Ocean on global climate change is assessed using Earth system model projections following an idealized 1% annual rise in atmospheric CO2. For this scenario, the…Read more on The role of the Southern Ocean in the global climate response to carbon emissions
22 June, 2023 by Andrew Meijers, Dani Jones, Michael Meredith, Shenjie Zhou, Ute Hausmann
The Weddell Gyre is a major feature of the Southern Ocean and an important component of the planetary climate system; it regulates air–sea exchanges, controls the formation of deep and…21 June, 2023 by Huw Griffiths
The Southern Ocean is a productive and biodiverse region, but it is also threatened by anthropogenic pressures. Protecting the Southern Ocean should start with well-informed Marine Ecosystem Assessments of the…20 June, 2023 by Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand, Joanne Johnson
The Amundsen Sea in the Pacific sector of West Antarctica receives meltwater from the fastest retreating Antarctic glaciers, and its coastal polynyas host the highest primary productivity per unit area…Read more on Volcanogenic fluxes of iron from the seafloor in the Amundsen Sea, West Antarctica
20 June, 2023 by Amy King, Diana Vladimirova, Dieter Tetzner, Liz Thomas
Changes in sea ice conditions and atmospheric circulation over the Southern Ocean play an important role in modulating Antarctic climate. However, observations of both sea ice and wind conditions are…16 June, 2023 by David Barnes
Microplastics are ubiquitous around the world. Microplastics have been documented around the Southern Ocean, in coastal sediments and in Antarctic marine organisms, however microplastics data for Antarctic waters remain scarce.…Read more on Quantifying microplastics in fjords along the Western Antarctic Peninsula
15 June, 2023 by James Smith
Understanding ice stream dynamics over decadal to millennial timescales is crucial for improving numerical model projections of ice sheet behaviour and future ice loss. In marine-terminating settings, ice shelves play…12 June, 2023 by Andrew Meijers, Povl Abrahamsen, Michael Meredith, Paul Holland, Shenjie Zhou
Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) is pivotal for oceanic heat and carbon sequestrations on multidecadal-to-millennial timescales. The Weddell Sea contributes nearly a half of global AABW through Weddell Sea Deep Water…Read more on Slowdown of Antarctic Bottom Water export driven by climatic wind and sea ice changes
9 June, 2023 by Andrew Kavanagh
An international joint research project, entitled Interhemispheric Coupling Study by Observations and Modelling (ICSOM), is ongoing. In the late 2000s, an interesting form of interhemispheric coupling (IHC) was discovered: when…9 June, 2023 by Melody Clark
Numerous novel adaptations characterise the radiation of notothenioids, the dominant fish group in the freezing seas of the Southern Ocean. To improve understanding of the evolution of this iconic fish…Read more on Genomics of cold adaptations in the Antarctic notothenioid fish radiation
7 June, 2023 by Nigel Meredith, Richard Horne
Relativistic electrons in the Earth's outer radiation belt are a significant space weather hazard. Satellites in GPS-type orbits pass through the heart of the outer radiation belt where they may…Read more on Extreme Relativistic Electron Fluxes in GPS Orbit: Analysis of NS41 BDD‐IIR Data
3 June, 2023 by Clara Manno
Planktonic Foraminifera are unique paleo-environmental indicators through their excellent fossil record in ocean sediments. Their distribution and diversity are affected by different environmental factors including anthropogenically forced ocean and climate…Read more on The FORCIS database: A global census of planktonic Foraminifera from ocean waters
2 June, 2023 by John Turner
Antarctic climate changes prior to 2000 were characterized by a strong zonally asymmetric pattern. Over 90% of the land ice mass loss occurred around a limited area in West Antarctica,…2 June, 2023 by Philip Trathan, Victoria Warwick-Evans
The ecosystem approach to fisheries has been discussed since the 1980s. It aims to reduce risks from fisheries to whole, or components of, ecosystems, not just to target species. Precautionary…2 June, 2023 by Fausto Ferraccioli, Tom Jordan
The geology beneath Thwaites Glacier, the Antarctic glacial catchment most vulnerable to climate change, is unknown. Thwaites Glacier lies within the West Antarctic Rift System, but details of the subglacial…1 June, 2023 by Liz Thomas
Here we examine the water stable-isotope data from the Roosevelt Island Climate Evolution (RICE) ice core. Roosevelt Island is an independent ice rise located at the northeastern margin of the…1 June, 2023 by Dieter Tetzner, Julius Rix, Robert Mulvaney
The British Antarctic Survey's (BAS) Rapid Access Isotope Drill (RAID), designed for rapid drilling to survey prospective ice core sites, has been deployed at multiple Antarctic locations over 6 years.…1 June, 2023 by Jasmine Lee
Antarctic Specially Protected Areas (ASPAs) are a key regulatory mechanism for protecting Antarctic environmental values. Previous evaluations of the effectiveness of the ASPA system have focused on its representativeness and…Read more on Evaluating the conservation impact of Antarctica’s protected areas
1 June, 2023 by Paul Holland
Both the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are critical factors contributing to Antarctic sea ice variability on interannual time scales. However, their joint effects on…Read more on The impacts of combined SAM and ENSO on seasonal Antarctic sea ice changes
1 June, 2023 by Dominic Hodgson, Stephen Roberts
To provide insights into glacier-climate dynamics of the South Shetland Islands (SSI), NW Antarctic Peninsula, we present a new deglaciation and readvance model for the Bellingshausen Ice Cap (BIC) on…1 June, 2023 by Kevin Hughes
Polar regions should be given greater consideration with respect to the monitoring, risk assessment, and management of potentially harmful chemicals, consistent with requirements of the precautionary principle. Protecting the vulnerable…Read more on Berlin statement on legacy and emerging contaminants in polar regions
1 June, 2023 by Joseph Ulanowski
The stability of ice crystal orientation is studied by modeling the air flow around ice crystals at moderate Reynolds number, where an ice crystal is approximated by a cylinder with…1 June, 2023 by Jennifer Freer
Changes in the community size structure of Arctic copepods toward smaller and less fat individuals or species have been linked to environmental changes. The underpinning mechanisms are, however, poorly understood.…1 June, 2023 by Mark Clilverd
A new model to predict the electron density and effective recombination coefficient of the lower ionosphere under solar flare conditions is presented. This model relies on space-borne solar irradiance measurements…1 June, 2023 by Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand
The Amundsen Polynya (AP) on the inner and middle continental shelf of the western Amundsen Sea Embayment is the fourth largest coastal polynya around Antarctica. The AP is highly productive…1 June, 2023 by Peter Convey
Changes in climate and environment can impact the sustainability of populations and biodiversity. Understanding population genetic diversity in the past and present can help us better predict species' responses to…1 June, 2023 by Claire Allen, Louise Sime, Matthew Chadwick, Maria Vittoria Guarino
Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e (130-116 ka) represents a ‘laboratory’ for evaluating climate model performance under warmer-than-present conditions. Climate model simulations for MIS 5e have previously failed to produce Southern…1 June, 2023 by Sandra McInnes, Sandra McInnes
There have been several records in the last 60 years for East Antarctica for Milnesium tardigradum Doyere, 1840 sensu lato, now considered a species complex. During the 56th Japanese Antarctic…1 June, 2023 by Emma Woodfield, Thomas Daggitt
Emma Woodfield, Andy Smith and colleagues outline the research presented and discussed at the Autumn MIST meeting in November 2022.28 May, 2023 by Irena Vankova, Keith Nicholls
Totten Glacier is a fast-moving East Antarctic outlet with the potential for significant future sea-level contributions. We deployed four autonomous phase-sensitive radars on its ice shelf to monitor ice-ocean interactions…25 May, 2023 by Alex Brisbourne
The density structure of firn has implications for hydrological and climate modelling, and ice-shelf stability. The structure of firn can be evaluated from depth models of seismic velocity, widely obtained…24 May, 2023 by Michael Haigh, Paul Holland
Ice streams such as Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers which terminate at their ice shelves in the eastern Amundsen Sea, West Antarctica, are losing mass faster than most others about…Read more on The Influence of Bathymetry Over Heat Transport Onto the Amundsen Sea Continental Shelf
18 May, 2023 by Alex Burton-Johnson
A dataset to describe exposed bedrock and surficial geology of Antarctica has been constructed by the GeoMAP Action Group of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and GNS Science.…Read more on A continent-wide detailed geological map dataset of Antarctica
17 May, 2023 by Anna Jones, Millie Bond, Freya Squires, Markus Frey
Measurements of atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO) amount fraction and flux density above snow were carried out using a long-path absorption photometer at Halley station in coastal Antarctica between 22 Jan-…15 May, 2023 by Andrew Orr, Ella Gilbert, Steve Colwell, Tony Phillips
We calculate a regional surface “melt potential” index (MPI) over Antarctic ice shelves that describes the frequency (MPI-freq, %) and intensity (MPI-int, K) of daily maximum summer temperatures exceeding a…15 May, 2023 by Rachel Cavanagh
Climate change is having profound effects on populations of fished species and the ecosystems on which they depend, lending to a growing body of work that advocates for climate resilience…Read more on Managing for climate resilient fisheries: Applications to the Southern Ocean
12 May, 2023 by Subir Mandal
This work presents some new findings in terms of the vertical propagation speeds of gravity waves in the daytime as possible precursors to the ESF. These findings have resulted from…11 May, 2023 by Clara Manno, Geraint Tarling, Jessie Gardner, Victoria Peck
Pteropods are a key part of biogeochemical cycling and epipelagic food webs in the Southern Ocean. However, shelled pteropods are vulnerable to climate change, due to their aragonite shells being…10 May, 2023 by Andrew Clarke, Ali Massey, Alice Clement, Aurelia Reichardt, Emma Stuart, Emma Bolton, Terri Souster, Helen Peat, Hugh Venables, Hollie London, Kate Hendry, Mairi Fenton, Marlon Clark, Michael Meredith, Petra Ten Hoopen, Ryan Mathews, Sabrina Heiser, Sarah Reed, Samuel Pountney, Terri Souster, Zoe Waring
Oceanographic changes adjacent to Antarctica have global climatic and ecological impacts. However, this is the most challenging place in the world to obtain marine data due to its remoteness and…9 May, 2023 by Andrew Wood, Michael Dunn, Richard Phillips
Climate change affects timing of reproduction in many bird species, but few studies have investigated its influence on annual reproductive output. Here, we assess changes in the annual production of…Read more on The effect of climate change on avian offspring production: A global meta-analysis
8 May, 2023 by Irene Malmierca Vallet, Louise Sime
Dansgaard–Oeschger (D–O) events, millennial-scale climate oscillations between stadial and interstadial conditions (of up to 10–15 ∘C in amplitude at high northern latitudes), occurred throughout the Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS3; 27.8–59.4 ka)…5 May, 2023 by James Smith
The Northeast Greenland Ice Stream has recently seen significant change to its floating margins and has been identified as vulnerable to future climate warming. Inflow of warm Atlantic Intermediate Water…3 May, 2023 by Danielle Buss, Jennifer Jackson
Fin whales Balaenoptera physalus were hunted unsustainably across the globe in the 19th and 20th centuries, leading to vast reductions in population size. Whaling catch records indicate the importance of…2 May, 2023 by Irene Malmierca Vallet, Louise Sime, Rahul Sivankutty
The Last Interglacial (LIG) period, which had higher summer solar insolation than today, has been suggested as the last time that Arctic summers were ice free. However, the latest suite…1 May, 2023 by Kevin Newsham, Peter Convey
The nutrient-poor soils of Antarctica are sensitive to change. Recent increases in the number of anthropogenic introductions mean that understanding the impact of non-native species on Antarctic soils is pertinent,…1 May, 2023 by Jack Humby, Liz Thomas
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of persistent organic contaminants of which some are toxic and bioaccumulative. Several PFAS can be formed from the atmospheric degradation of precursors…1 May, 2023 by Peter Convey
The Arctic has a diverse terrestrial microarthropod fauna which overwinters in situ in soil and vegetation. This fauna is involved in key ecosystem process, for example decomposition and pollination, and…1 May, 2023 by Richard Phillips
Animal tracking has afforded insights into patterns of space use in numerous species and thereby informed area-based conservation planning. A crucial consideration when estimating spatial distributions from tracking data is…1 May, 2023 by David Barnes
A significant proportion of Southern Ocean seafloor biodiversity is thought to be associated with fragile, slow growing, long-lived, and habitat-forming taxa. Minimizing adverse impact to these so-called vulnerable marine ecosystems…1 May, 2023 by Alex Burton-Johnson
The geometry of the Antarctic-Phoenix Plate system, with the Antarctic Plate forming both the overriding plate and the conjugate to the subducting oceanic plate, allows quantification of slab age and…1 May, 2023 by Povl Abrahamsen
The heat transported onto the continental shelf by Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) is the main driver of ice shelf basal melting in the Amundsen Sea. Here, we investigate the slope…28 April, 2023 by Jonathan Adams, Joanne Johnson
Cosmogenic-nuclide concentrations in subglacial bedrock cores show that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) at a site between Thwaites and Pope glaciers was at least 35 m thinner than present in…Read more on Reversible ice sheet thinning in the Amundsen Sea Embayment during the Late Holocene
28 April, 2023 by Thomas Bracegirdle
This paper expands on work showing that the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is predictable on decadal timescales to quantify the skill in capturing the North Atlantic eddy-driven jet's location…Read more on Decadal Predictability of the North Atlantic Eddy-Driven Jet in Winter
27 April, 2023 by Louise Sime, Maria Vittoria Guarino
The lig127k-H11 simulation of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP4) is run using the HadGEM3-GC3.1 model. We focus on the coupled system response to the applied meltwater forcing. We show…27 April, 2023 by Jack Humby, Robert Mulvaney
We present an age model for the 651 m deep ice core from Skytrain Ice Rise, situated inland of the Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica. The top 2000 years have previously been…21 April, 2023 by David Barnes
Earth’s biodiversity and human societies face pollution, overconsumption of natural resources, urbanization, demographic shifts, social and economic inequalities, and habitat loss, many of which are exacerbated by climate change. Here,…Read more on Overcoming the coupled climate and biodiversity crises and their societal impacts
21 April, 2023 by Dieter Tetzner, Liz Thomas
Spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs) are a component of fly-ash, the particulate by-product of industrial high temperature combustion of fuel-oil and coal-series fuels. We provide the first evidence that these indelible…Read more on First evidence of industrial fly-ash in an Antarctic ice core
20 April, 2023 by Michael Meredith
At the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), continued atmospheric and oceanic warming is causing significant physical and biogeochemical changes to glaciers and the marine environment. We compare sediment sources and drivers…20 April, 2023 by John King
In wintertime over the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean (SPNA), the strongest surface sensible and latent heat fluxes typically occur just downstream of the sea-ice edge. The recent retreat in Arctic…19 April, 2023 by Josephine Anselin
Tidal currents are known to influence basal melting of Antarctic ice shelves through two types of mechanisms: local processes taking place within the boundary current adjacent to the ice shelf-ocean…19 April, 2023 by Gaelle Veyssiere, Jeremy Wilkinson
British whalers were the first and last from Europe to hunt bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) commercially from the Arctic whaling grounds of the Greenland Sea (East Greenland-Svalbard-Barents stock) and Davis…Read more on Categorisation of the length of bowhead whales from British Arctic whaling records
18 April, 2023
The Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha′apai volcano eruption was a unique event that caused many atmospheric phenomena around the globe. In this study, we investigate the atmospheric gravity waves in the mesosphere/lower-thermosphere…17 April, 2023 by Tracey Dornan, Anna Belcher, Jennifer Freer, Ryan Saunders, Tracey Dornan, Tracey Dornan
Lanternfish are a relatively small but very abundant fish. They live deep in the ocean’s “twilight” zone where there is not much light. A unique community of lanternfish live in…17 April, 2023 by Geraint Tarling, Jennifer Freer
Despite the importance of calanoid copepods to healthy ecosystem functioning of the Arctic Ocean and Subarctic Seas, aspects of their biogeography, particularly in winter months, remain unresolved. At the same…14 April, 2023 by Xin Yang
We present a novel technique that elucidates the mechanism of the formation of small aerosolizable salt particles from salty frozen samples. We demonstrated that CsCl may be a suitable probe…14 April, 2023 by Aidan Hunter
The Mediterranean Sea sustains a rich and fragile ecosystem currently threatened by multiple anthropogenic impacts that include, among others, warming, pollution, and changes in seawater carbonate speciation associated to increasing…11 April, 2023 by Paul Holland
Accelerating ice loss from Thwaites Glacier is contributing approximately 5% of global sea-level rise, and could add tens of centimeters to sea level over the coming centuries. We use an…Read more on Strong Ocean Melting Feedback During the Recent Retreat of Thwaites Glacier
7 April, 2023 by Philip Trathan
Animal abundance estimation is increasingly based on drone or aerial survey photography. Manual postprocessing has been used extensively; however, volumes of such data are increasing, necessitating some level of automation,…Read more on Counting animals in aerial images with a density map estimation model
6 April, 2023 by David Vaughan
Understanding the past and future evolution of the Antarctic Ice Sheet is challenged by the availability and quality of observed paleo-boundary conditions. Numerical ice-sheet models often rely on these paleo-boundary…6 April, 2023
Characterizing reproductive barriers such as mating preferences within rapid evolutionary radiations is crucial for understanding the early stages of speciation. Cichlid fishes are well-known for their adaptive radiations and capacity…6 April, 2023 by Markus Frey
Polar environments are among the fastest changing regions on the planet. It is a crucial time to make significant improvements in our understanding of how ocean and ice biogeochemical processes…Read more on Untangling the influence of Antarctic and Southern Ocean life on clouds
1 April, 2023 by Peter Convey
Located 1140 km from the South American coastline in the South Atlantic Ocean and with an age of 4 million years, Trindade Island is the most recent volcanic component of…1 April, 2023 by Lily Bentley, Richard Phillips
Foraging niche specialisation is thought to occur when different members of speciose communities divide resources in either time or space. Here we compared habitat preferences of the congeneric Grey Petrel…1 April, 2023 by Teal Riley
Lithic technologies dominate understanding of early humans, yet natural processes can fracture rock in ways that resemble artefacts made by Homo sapiens and other primates. Differentiating between fractures made by…1 April, 2023 by Jose Marques Queiros
The Antarctic toothfish Dissostichus mawsoni is a Southern Ocean long-lived top predator which is regularly captured on an annual fishery operating in the region. By its biological and ecological characteristics,…1 April, 2023 by Clara Manno
The biological carbon pump (BCP) contributes to the oceanic CO2 sink by transferring particulate organic carbon (POC) into the deep ocean. The magnitude and efficiency of the BCP is likely…1 April, 2023 by Kate Hendry
The concentration of dissolved barium in seawater ([Ba]SW) is influenced by both primary productivity and ocean circulation patterns. Reconstructing past subsurface [Ba]SW can therefore provide important information on processes which…Read more on Ba/Ca of stylasterid coral skeletons records dissolved seawater barium concentrations
1 April, 2023 by Keith Nicholls, Paul Holland
Numerical studies of ice flow have consistently identified the grounding zone of outlet glaciers and ice streams (the region where ice starts to float) as crucial for predicting the rate…1 April, 2023 by Peter Convey
Antarctic soils provide an excellent setting to test biogeographical patterns across spatial and environmental scales given their relatively simple communities and the dominance of physical factors that create strong environmental…1 April, 2023 by Diana Vladimirova, Dieter Tetzner, Jack Humby, Liz Thomas
The remote Antarctic continent, distant from human industrial activity, should be one of the last places on Earth to capture Anthropogenic change. Hence, stratigraphic evidence of pollution and nuclear activity…1 April, 2023 by Kevin Hughes, Peter Convey
Protection of Antarctica's biodiversity and ecosystem values is enshrined in the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, which provides for the designation of Antarctic Specially Protected Areas (ASPAs)…Read more on The need for increased protection of Antarctica’s inland waters
29 March, 2023 by Jaume Forcada
Heavy metals, including mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd), occur naturally or anthropogenically and are considered toxic to the environment and human health. However, studies on heavy metal contamination focus on…29 March, 2023 by Clara Manno, Elisa Bergami, Emily Rowlands, Laura Wilkie Johnston
Microplastics (MP) have been reported in Southern Ocean (SO), where they are likely to encounter Antarctic zooplankton and enter pelagic food webs. Here we assess the presence of MP within…Read more on Organic or junk food? Microplastic contamination in Antarctic krill and salps
28 March, 2023 by Antony Siahaan, Emma Young, Felipe Gomez Valdivia, Paul Holland, Pierre Dutrieux
We use United Kingdom Earth System Model simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 to analyze the Ross Gyre (RG) dynamics during the historical 1850–2014 period and under two…Read more on Projected West Antarctic Ocean Warming Caused by an Expansion of the Ross Gyre
28 March, 2023 by Peter Convey
The underexplored intertidal ecosystems of Antarctica are facing rapid changes in important environmental factors. Associated with temperature increase, reduction in coastal ice will soon expose new ice-free areas that will…27 March, 2023 by Ananth Ranjithkumar, Markus Frey, Xin Yang
Natural aerosols and their interactions with clouds remain an important uncertainty within climate models, especially at the poles. Here, we study the behavior of sea salt aerosols (SSaer) in the…Read more on The representation of sea salt aerosols and their role in polar climate within CMIP6
24 March, 2023 by Dani Jones
The vertical distribution of ozone in the atmosphere, which features complex spatial and temporal variability set by a balance of production, loss, and advection, is relevant for both surface air…Read more on Technical note: Unsupervised classification of ozone profiles in UKESM1
23 March, 2023 by Oliver Marsh
Ice tongues at the fringes of the Antarctic ice sheet lose mass primarily through both basal melting and calving. They are sensitive to ocean conditions which can weaken the ice…Read more on Basal mass balance and prevalence of ice tongues in the Western ross sea
21 March, 2023 by Teal Riley
The importance of topography generated by Eocene Eurekan deformation as a sediment source for sandstones deposited on the western Barents Shelf margin is evaluated through a sediment provenance study conducted…