Showing 11332 items
18 May, 2024 by Richard Phillips, William Mills
Mercury (Hg) is an environmental contaminant that can negatively impact the health of humans and wildlife. Albatrosses and large petrels show some of the highest levels of Hg contamination among…16 May, 2024
Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the Agreement on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ)—the…Read more on Taking climate-smart governance to the high seas
15 May, 2024 by Richard Horne, Sarah Glauert
The Near-Earth Space Radiation and Plasma Environment falls within the realm of G3 Cluster (G3 refers to ‘Near-Earth Radiation and Plasma Environment’ of the ‘Coupled Geospace System’) under the COSPAR…10 May, 2024 by Geraint Tarling, Patrick Keith, Ryan Saunders, Simeon Hill
A primary response of many marine ectotherms to warming is a reduction in body size, to lower the metabolic costs associated with higher temperatures. The impact of such changes on…Read more on Temperature alters the size selectivity of Southern Ocean fish
8 May, 2024 by Michael Haigh, Paul Holland
The ice streams flowing into the Amundsen Sea, West Antarctica, are losing mass due to changes in oceanic basal melting of their floating ice shelves. Rapid ice-shelf melting is sustained…7 May, 2024 by Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand, James Smith
Silt-rich meltwater plume deposits (MPDs) analyzed from marine sediment cores have elucidated relationships that are clearly connected, yet difficult to constrain, between subglacial hydrology, ice-marginal landforms, and grounding-zone retreat patterns…Read more on Insights into glacial processes from micromorphology of silt-sized sediment
7 May, 2024 by Julien Bodart, Tom Jordan
The subglacial landscape of Antarctica records and influences the behaviour of its overlying ice sheet. However, in many places, the evolution of the landscape and its control on ice sheet…7 May, 2024 by Louise Sime, Qinggang Gao, Rahul Sivankutty, Xu Zhang
Given relatively abundant paleo proxies, the study of the Last Interglacial (LIG, ~129-116 thousand years ago, ka) is valuable to understanding natural variability and feedback in a warmer-than-preindustrial climate. The…4 May, 2024 by Siddharth Gumber
This paper provides the first observational analysis of how droplet separation is impacted by the flinging action of microscale vortices in turbulent clouds over a select radii range and how…Read more on Turbulence-induced droplet grouping and augmented rain formation in cumulus clouds
1 May, 2024 by Peter Convey
1. During the 2022/2023 austral winter, large swarms of Trichocera (Saltrichocera) maculipennis Meigen, 1818 (Diptera: Trichoceridae), were observed around house roofs in Puerto Williams (Navarino Island, southern Chile, 54° S). In…1 May, 2024 by Peter Convey
Bryum is a moss genus that is widely distributed across the planet. Many of its species are characterized by large phenotypic and morphological plasticity, generating uncertainty in species identification exclusively…1 May, 2024 by Andrew Fleming, Scott Hosking, Jeremy Wilkinson, Maria Fox, Martin Rogers
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery is the primary data type used for sea ice mapping due to its spatiotemporal coverage and the ability to detect sea ice independent of cloud…Read more on Sea ice detection using concurrent multispectral and synthetic aperture radar imagery
1 May, 2024 by Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand, James Smith
Beryllium-10 (10Be) is proposed to be a potential proxy for investigating ice shelf presence and absence, or meltwater discharge in coastal polar environments. However, the sources and distribution of atmospherically…1 May, 2024 by Richard Phillips
Bycatch in fisheries is a key threat to non-target marine species, particularly for those species that have life histories with low productivity or poor conservation status. In this paper, the…1 May, 2024 by Richard Phillips
Information available on impacts of fisheries on target or bycatch species varies greatly, requiring development of risk assessment tools to determine potentially unacceptable levels. Seabirds, marine mammals, marine turtles and…1 May, 2024 by Mark Clilverd
Large geomagnetic storms are a space weather hazard to power transmission networks due to the effects of Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs). GIC can negatively impact power transmission systems through the…1 May, 2024 by Andrew Fleming, Louise Ireland, Philip Trathan
We tracked adult emperor penguins from Rothschild Island, west Antarctic Peninsula in 2015/2016 during a summer with extensive sea ice of long duration, contrasting with past years of reduced sea…26 April, 2024 by Clara Manno
Pteropods are a group of cosmopolitan holoplanktic gastropods that produce an aragonite shell and play an important role in both marine ecosystems and geochemical cycles. In addition to being affected…24 April, 2024 by Martin Collins
We present a genome assembly from an individual Notothenia rossii (the marbled rockcod; Chordata; Actinopterygii; Perciformes; Nototheniidae). The genome sequence is 1,042.9 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is…24 April, 2024 by Tracy Moffat-Griffin
The Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha′apai volcano erupted on 15 January 2022, launching Lamb waves and gravity waves into the atmosphere. In this study, we present results using 13 globally distributed meteor…23 April, 2024 by Alexander Lozinski, Richard Horne, Sarah Glauert
The proton radiation belt contains high fluxes of adiabatically trapped protons varying in energy from ∼one to hundreds of megaelectron volts (MeV). At large radial distances, magnetospheric field lines become…22 April, 2024 by Kaitlin Naughten
Glaciers along the Amundsen Sea coastline in West Antarctica are dynamically adjusting to a change in ice-shelf mass balance that triggered their retreat and speed-up prior to the satellite era.…Read more on Geometric amplification and suppression of ice-shelf basal melt in West Antarctica
18 April, 2024 by Povl Abrahamsen, Geraint Tarling, Ryan Saunders, Sally Thorpe, Victoria Fowler
Kaartvedt et al. (2024; Mar Ecol Prog Ser 734:173–175) comment on the role internal waves played in the findings of Dewar-Fowler et al. (2023; Mar Ecol Prog Ser 715:27–39) that…17 April, 2024 by Gaelle Veyssiere, Jeremy Wilkinson
As Arctic sea ice and its overlying snow cover thin, more light penetrates into the ice and upper ocean, shifting the phenology of algal growth within the bottom of sea…Read more on Mapping Potential Timing of Ice Algal Blooms From Satellite
16 April, 2024 by Caroline Holmes, Jeremy Wilkinson, John Turner
The 2023 Antarctic sea ice extent (SIE) maximum on 7 September was the lowest annual maximum in the satellite era (16.98 × 106 km2), with the largest contributions to the…16 April, 2024 by Ramesh Karanam, Tracy Moffat-Griffin
Long-term variabilities of monthly zonal (U) and meridional winds (V) in northern polar mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT, ∼80–100 km) are investigated using meteor radar observations during 1999–2022 over Esrange…16 April, 2024 by Mark Clilverd
The October effect is known as a rapid and strong decrease in the signal amplitude of radio waves with very low frequency (VLF), reflected at the lowest edge of the…Read more on Why Does the October Effect Not Occur at Night?
16 April, 2024 by Marie Attard
Functional trade-offs can affect patterns of morphological and ecological evolution as well as the magnitude of morphological changes through evolutionary time. Using morpho-functional landscape modelling on the cranium of 132…15 April, 2024 by Simon Morley
The Southern Ocean and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current create environmental conditions that serve as an efficient barrier to prevent the colonization of non-native species (NNS) in the marine ecosystems of…12 April, 2024 by Martin Collins
We present a genome assembly from a Melanostigma gelatinosum (the limp eelpout; Chordata; Actinopterygii; Perciformes; Zoarcidae). The genome sequence is 662.0 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded…11 April, 2024 by Clara Manno
Antarctic silverfish Pleuragramma antarcticum is the most abundant pelagic fish in the High Antarctic shelf waters of the Southern Ocean, where it plays a pivotal role in the trophic web…11 April, 2024 by Yavor Kostov
We explore historical variability in the volume of Labrador Sea Water (LSW) using ECCO, an ocean state estimate configuration of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model (MITgcm). The…Read more on Surface factors controlling the volume of accumulated Labrador Sea Water
4 April, 2024 by Peter Convey
We assessed the fungal diversity present in snow sampled during summer in the north-west Antarctic Peninsula and the South Shetland Islands, maritime Antarctica using a metabarcoding approach. A total of…3 April, 2024 by Paul Holland
Growing evidence has confirmed the critical role played by basal channels beneath Antarctic ice shelves in both ice shelf stability and freshwater input to the surrounding ocean. Here we show,…Read more on Ice shelf basal channel shape determines channelized ice-ocean interactions
1 April, 2024 by Marie Attard
The amniote eggshell is a fundamental aspect of the embryo life-support system, protecting it from UV light, microbes and mechanical damage, while regulating gas exchange and providing calcium for growth.…Read more on Global diversity and adaptations of avian eggshell thickness indices
1 April, 2024 by Peter Convey
Snow is a unique microhabitat, despite being a harsh environment, multiple life forms have adapted to survive in it. While algae, bacteria and fungi are dominant microorganisms in Antarctic snow,…1 April, 2024 by Andrew Wood, Danielle Buss, Jennifer Jackson, Martin Collins
The sub-Antarctic waters of South Georgia Island (Islas Georgias del Sur, SG/IG) are a regularly visited feeding ground for southern right whales (Eubalaena australis, SRW) in the southwest Atlantic. Satellite…1 April, 2024 by Kayleigh Jones
Intraguild predation, where a dominant predator kills and consumes a subordinate predator that is a potential competitor, is taxonomically and geographically widespread among mammalian carnivores (Palomares & Caro, 1999; Polis…1 April, 2024 by Andrew Orr, Gareth Marshall, Nadine Johnston, Ryan Williams
A main source of regional climate change uncertainty is the large disparity across models in simulating the atmospheric circulation response to global warming. Using the latest suite of global climate…1 April, 2024 by Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand
Large-scale geological structures have controlled the long-term development of the bed and thus the flow of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS). However, complete ice cover has obscured the age…1 April, 2024 by Dominic Hodgson
Limited understanding of how Indigenous people have created and managed the Australian landscape continues to have repercussions on how landscapes are culturally interpreted and managed today. Addressing this is critically…1 April, 2024 by Simon Morley
It is generally acknowledged that microplastic pollutants are prevalent in ocean waters and sediments across a range of tropical, temperate, subpolar, and polar regions. The waters surrounding King George Island…1 April, 2024 by Richard Horne
Observations from Van Allen Probes are analyzed to obtain the statistical wave normal distribution of lightning-generated whistlers (LGWs). An automatic algorithm is developed to identify burst mode waveform data with…1 April, 2024 by Huw Griffiths
The Antarctic seaspider Pentanymphon antarcticum is a benthic species in the Southern Ocean, but little is known about its pathogen profile. In this study, we provide a draft genome for…Read more on An iridovirus from the Antarctic seaspider Pentanymphon antarcticum (Pycnogonida)
1 April, 2024 by Gareth Chisham
The boundaries of the auroral oval and auroral electrojets are an important source of information for understanding the coupling between the solar wind and the near-earth plasma environment. Of these…Read more on A Comparison of Auroral Oval Proxies With the Boundaries of the Auroral Electrojets
1 April, 2024 by Andrew Kavanagh, Tracy Moffat-Griffin
Gravity waves (GWs) play an important role in the dynamics and energetics of the mesosphere. Geomagnetic activity is a known source of GWs in the upper atmosphere. However, how deep…Read more on Observations of mesospheric gravity waves generated by geomagnetic activity
1 April, 2024 by Carlos Martin Garcia
We investigate two ice rises, Kupol Moskovskij and Kupol Ciolkovskogo, in the Fimbul Ice Shelf, East Antarctica, situated ~60 km from each other but differing in their glaciological settings. We…29 March, 2024 by Markus Frey
We conducted an experiment comparing wind speeds and aerodynamic roughness length (z0) values over three snow surface conditions, including a flat smooth surface, a wavy smooth surface, and a wavy…29 March, 2024 by Elaine Fitzcharles, Lloyd Peck, Melody Clark, Rebecca Smith, Rose Stainthorp, Simon Morley
Antarctic marine ectotherms live in the constant cold and are characterised by limited resilience to elevated temperature. Here we tested three of the central paradigms underlying this resilience. Firstly, we…29 March, 2024 by Jennifer Jackson
Among large cetaceans in the Southern Hemisphere, fin whales were the most heavily exploited in terms of numbers taken during the period of intense industrial whaling. Recent studies suggest that,…28 March, 2024 by Thomas Lachlan-Cope
In airborne data or model outputs, clouds are often defined using information about Liquid Water Content (LWC). Unfortunately LWC is not enough to retrieve information about the dynamical boundary of…28 March, 2024 by Peter Convey
Biological invasions are one of the main drivers of global biodiversity decline. At the same time, glacial retreat induced by climate warming is occurring at an alarming rate across the…27 March, 2024 by Jaume Forcada
Despite decades of research, surprisingly little is known about the mechanism(s) by which an individual's genotype is encoded in odour. Many studies have focused on the role of the major…27 March, 2024 by Alex Burton-Johnson, Teal Riley
Radiogenic isotopic compositions of arc magmas are a key tool for studying active margin evolution. They have two isotopic end-members: melts formed mostly from juvenile asthenosphere and melts sourced from…Read more on A temporal control on the isotopic compositions of the Antarctic Peninsula arc
27 March, 2024 by Joanne Johnson
We review successes and challenges from five recent subglacial bedrock drilling campaigns intended to find evidence for Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat during warm periods in the geologic past. Insights into…Read more on Lessons learned from shallow subglacial bedrock drilling campaigns in Antarctica
22 March, 2024 by Richard Phillips
Background Migratory birds generally have tightly scheduled annual cycles, in which delays can have carry-over effects on the timing of later events, ultimately impacting reproductive output. Whether temporal carry-over effects…16 March, 2024 by Claire Allen, Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand
Provenance records from sediments deposited offshore of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) can help identify past major ice retreat, thus constraining ice-sheet models projecting future sea-level rise. Interpretations from…14 March, 2024 by Alexander Bradley, Rosie Williams, David Bett, James Byrne, Robert Arthern
Ice sheet models are used to improve our understanding of the past, present, and future evolution of ice sheets. To do so, they solve the equations describing the flow of…13 March, 2024 by Nigel Meredith
Quasilinear theories have been shown to well describe a range of transport phenomena in magnetospheric, space, astrophysical and laboratory plasma “weak turbulence” scenarios. It is well known that the resonant…13 March, 2024 by Philip Trathan, Peter Fretwell
Like many polar animals, emperor penguin populations are challenging to monitor because of the species' life history and remoteness. Consequently, it has been difficult to establish its global status, a…11 March, 2024 by Alexander Bradley, Rosie Williams, David Bett, Paul Holland, Robert Arthern
The relative contributions of anthropogenic climate change and internal variability in sea level rise from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet are yet to be determined. Even the way to address…11 March, 2024 by Jose Marques Queiros
Food-webs are a critical feature of ecosystems and help us understand how communities will respond to climate change. The Southern Ocean is facing rapid and accelerating changes due to climate…Read more on Southern Ocean food-webs and climate change: A short review and future directions
9 March, 2024 by Andrew Meijers, Dani Jones
Subantarctic mode waters have low stratification and are formed through subduction from thick winter mixed layers in the Southern Ocean. To investigate how surface forcing affects the stratification in mode…8 March, 2024 by Alison Cleary, Anna Belcher, Cecilia Liszka, Eugene Murphy, Geraint Tarling, Jaume Forcada, Nadine Johnston, Philip Trathan, Ryan Saunders, Simeon Hill, Sophie Fielding
Understanding and managing the response of marine ecosystems to human pressures including climate change requires reliable large-scale and multi-decadal information on the state of key populations. These populations include the…7 March, 2024 by Andrew Kavanagh
Compositional NOx changes caused by energetic electron precipitation (EEP) at a specific altitude and those co-dependent on vertical transport are referred to as the EEP direct and indirect effect, respectively.…5 March, 2024 by Amy King, Ivo Strawson, Thomas Bauska
Ice core records of carbon dioxide (CO2) throughout the last 2000 years provide context for the unprecedented anthropogenic rise in atmospheric CO2 and insights into global carbon cycle dynamics. Yet…Read more on Reconciling ice core CO2 and land use change following New World-Old World contact
1 March, 2024 by Rahul Sivankutty
The Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) is considered as one of the major drivers of Indian Summer monsoon (ISM) multidecadal variability. The teleconnection is thought to take place via two dominant…1 March, 2024 by Peter Convey
Antarctica has often been perceived as a pristine continent until the recent few decades as pollutants have been observed accruing in the Antarctic environment. Irresponsible human activities such as accidental…1 March, 2024 by Peter Convey
Given the substantial diesel demand in Antarctic operations, the means of addressing ecological restoration following its inappropriate release are attracting attention from researchers. The Madrid Protocol mandates the use of…1 March, 2024 by Amy King, Liz Thomas, Robert Mulvaney, Thomas Bauska
The extent of grounded ice and buttressing by the Ronne Ice Shelf, which provides resistance to the outflow of ice streams, moderate West Antarctic Ice Sheet stability. During the Last…Read more on Abrupt Holocene ice loss due to thinning and ungrounding in the Weddell Sea Embayment
1 March, 2024 by Jose Marques Queiros, Martin Collins, Mark Belchier, Philip Hollyman
The biodiversity of an ecosystem is crucial to determine its structure and resistance to climate change. The South Sandwich Islands (SSI) are located in the Scotia Sea (Southern Ocean), within…1 March, 2024 by Qinggang Gao
The increase in summer monsoon precipitation over western Africa during the last interglacial (LIG) relative to the pre-industrial (PI) is well documented, but it is uncertain whether this increase is…1 March, 2024 by Kevin Hughes, Peter Convey
This paper explores how the COVID-19 pandemic affected science and tourism activities and their governance in the Antarctic and Southern Ocean. The pandemic reduced the ability of Antarctic Treaty Parties…Read more on How the COVID-19 pandemic signaled the demise of Antarctic exceptionalism
1 March, 2024 by Lloyd Peck
Changes in predator–prey interactions are often implicated as drivers of major evolutionary change. A prominent example is the dramatic changes in shallow marine assemblages during the Mesozoic Marine Revolution (MMR)…Read more on The demise of large tropical brachiopods and the Mesozoic Marine Revolution
29 February, 2024 by Oliver Marsh
ABSTRACT. Ice tongues are unconfined by land on their lateral margins and are sensitive to external forcing from the ocean. They are found sporadically around the Antarctic coast but are…Read more on Lateral flexure of Erebus Ice Tongue due to ocean current forcing and fast ice coupling
27 February, 2024 by Kate Hendry
We extend the ecological component (ECOGEM) of the carbon-centric Grid-Enabled Integrated Earth system model (cGEnIE) to include a diatom functional group. ECOGEM represents plankton community dynamics via a spectrum of…Read more on A diatom extension to the cGEnIE Earth system model – EcoGEnIE 1.1
27 February, 2024 by Richard Horne, Sarah Glauert, Thomas Daggitt
Earth’s radiation belts consist of high-energy charged particles trapped by Earth’s magnetic field. Strong pitch angle diffusion of electrons caused by wave-particle interaction in Earth’s radiation belts has primarily been…26 February, 2024 by Alistair Crame, Jane Francis
The Cretaceous period is particularly well represented by a thick sequence of clastic sedimentary rocks exposed in the Antarctic Peninsula region of western Antarctica. This was an active margin throughout…Read more on Cretaceous stratigraphy of Antarctica and its global significance
26 February, 2024 by Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand, James Smith, James Kirkham, Kelly Hogan, Robert Larter
Today, relatively warm Circumpolar Deep Water is melting Thwaites Glacier at the base of its ice shelf and at the grounding zone, contributing to significant ice retreat. Accelerating ice loss…21 February, 2024 by Tracy Moffat-Griffin
The mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) plays a critical role in linking the middle and upper atmosphere. However, many General Circulation Models do not model the MLT and those that…20 February, 2024 by Lloyd Peck
The seasonal movement of the zero-degree isotherm across the Southern Ocean and Antarctic Peninsula drives major changes in the physical and biological processes around maritime Antarctica. These include spatial and…20 February, 2024 by Teal Riley
We present the first volatile contents (H2O, CO2, Cl, F, S) of young (< 6 Ma) submarine basaltic glasses from the Phoenix and West Scotia mid-ocean ridges and the Bransfield Strait…20 February, 2024 by Madeleine Lewis
Glacier algal blooms dominate the surfaces of glaciers and ice sheets during summer melt seasons, with larger blooms anticipated in years that experience the greatest melt. Here, we characterize the…Read more on Alpine glacier algal bloom during a record melt year
20 February, 2024 by Dani Jones
From generating metrics representative of a wide region to saving costs by reducing the density of an observational network, the reasons to split the ocean into distinct regions are many.…15 February, 2024 by Dieter Tetzner, Dorothea Moser, Liz Thomas
Sub-Antarctic islands and Antarctic coastal regions provide valuable sites for investigating environmental processes in the Southern Ocean. The fact that these sites are situated within the sea ice zone underscores…Read more on Investigating halogens and MSA in the Southern Hemisphere: A spatial analysis
14 February, 2024 by Scott Hosking
Predicting sea ice concentration is an important task in climate analysis. The recently proposed deep learning system IceNet is the state of the art sea ice prediction model. IceNet takes…Read more on Interrogating Sea Ice Predictability with Gradients
13 February, 2024 by Alison McLaren, Louise Sime, Qinggang Gao, Thomas Bracegirdle
Improving our understanding of the controls on Antarctic precipitation is critical for gaining insights into past and future polar and global environmental changes. Here we develop innovative water tracing diagnostics…13 February, 2024 by Dominic Hodgson, Oliver Marsh
The Brunt Ice Shelf, Antarctica, accelerated rapidly from a velocity of 900 to 1500 m a−1 during 6 months, following calving of a 1500 km2 iceberg on 22 January 2023. The immediate response…11 February, 2024 by Richard Horne
In a case study using Van Allen Probe B, we investigate chorus wave observations near the western edge of a plasmaspheric plume characterized by steep density gradients. Initially, wave vectors…Read more on Propagation of Very Oblique Chorus Waves Near a Plasmaspheric Plume Boundary
10 February, 2024 by Mark Clilverd
The amplitude of Very Low Frequency (VLF) transmissions propagating from transmitter to receiver between the Earth's surface and the ionospheric D-region is a useful measurement to detect changes in the…Read more on Processing of VLF Amplitude Measurements: Deduction of a Quiet Time Seasonal Variation
8 February, 2024 by Ellen Bowler, Hannah Cubaynes, Marie Attard, Penny Clarke, Peter Fretwell, Richard Phillips
Although many medium-to-large terrestrial vertebrates are still counted by ground or aerial surveys, remote-sensing technologies and image analysis have developed rapidly in recent decades, offering improved accuracy and repeatability, lower…7 February, 2024 by Emma Young, Joanna Zanker, Paul Holland
South Georgia is a heavily glaciated sub-Antarctic island in the Southern Ocean. Cumberland Bay is the largest fjord on the island, split into two arms, each with a large marine-terminating…5 February, 2024 by Peter Convey
We report the first record of the microlepidopteran Plodia interpunctella beyond the South Shetland Islands at the Chilean Yelcho scientific station (64°52′33.1428″ S; 63°35′1.9572″ W), Doumer Island, close to the…3 February, 2024 by Edward Brown
Thermospheric density is one of the main sources of uncertainty in the estimation of satellites' position and velocity in low-Earth orbit. This has negative consequences in several space domains, including…Read more on Improving Thermospheric Density Predictions in Low‐Earth Orbit With Machine Learning
2 February, 2024 by Andrew Kavanagh, Gareth Chisham, Neil Cobbett, Paul Breen, Timothy Barnes
Solar tides play a major role in the dynamics of the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). Hence, a comprehensive understanding of these tides is important for successful modelling of…1 February, 2024 by Alison Cleary, Jennifer Freer, Martin Collins
Lanternfishes (Myctophidae) are key components of mesopelagic fish communities globally. In the Southern Ocean, incomplete information on myctophid diets limits our understanding of their energetics, interactions and wider ecosystem impact.…1 February, 2024 by John King, Thomas Bracegirdle
Between 15 and 19 March 2022, East Antarctica experienced an exceptional heat wave with widespread 30°–40°C temperature anomalies across the ice sheet. This record-shattering event saw numerous monthly temperature records…