Site map

• About – JCR Blog
• Homepage
• Business and innovation
• RSS
• About this site
  • About Google Earth
  • Freedom of Information
  • Terms and Conditions
  • Privacy & Cookie Policy
    • How British Antarctic Survey use cookies
  • Copyright statement
  • Accessibility
  • What is RSS?
  • Social Bookmarking and Sharing Explained
  • Site map
• For staff and external collaborators
  • Polar pre-deployment preparation
    • Guidelines & forms
      • Antarctic requirements questionnaire
      • Preliminary Environmental Assessment
      • Permits
      • Importing biological samples into the UK
      • BASMU medical guidelines and forms
      • Cargo and packing
    • Rothera Computing Facilities
    • Halley Computing Facilities
    • Signy Computing Facilities
    • RRS Ernest Shackleton Computing Facilities
    • SPAM Policy
    • Antarctic fieldwork requirements checklist
  • Ship research cruise participants
• Previous reports
• Why polar science matters
  • Ice and high water
  • The past – a window on the future
  • Cold-water solutions
  • Air–conditioning for the planet
  • Life at the poles
  • Fisheries in cold water
  • Ozone update
• Penguin of the day
• Image of the day
• British Antarctic Survey API Overview
• Contacts
• NERC ARF Remote Sensing Instrument Suite
• Archiving of NERC ARF Remotely Sensed Data
• Jobs redirect
• Accessibility Statement
• Submit feedback for this website
• Live test
• Virtual Tour – RRS Sir David Attenborough
• How to add a new science project
• Antarctic Recruitment – Season 2024/25
• September 2024: Postcard from Rothera Research Station
• Live lesson: Visit Rothera Research Station – 3rd May 2024
• Antarctic Employment Pool (AEP) Information Hub
• Antarctic Infrastructure Modernisation Programme 2
• BAS Science Summaries
• Events
  • UK-ICON
• About
  • Awards
  • Antarctica
    • Why Antarctica matters
    • The Antarctic Treaty
      • The Antarctic Treaty (1959)
        • Framework for Environmental Protection
      • The Antarctic Treaty Explained
      • Environmental protocol
        • Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
      • The Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
      • Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (1972)
      • Frequently asked questions
    • Britain in Antarctica
      • Antarctic heritage
    • Environmental protection
      • Special areas and historic sites of Antarctica
        • Conservation of historic British bases in Antarctica
        • Antarctic protected areas proposed by the UK
        • Deception Island – Antarctic Specially Managed Area
        • Charcot Island – Antarctic Specially Protected Area
      • Antarctic Act (1994)
      • Mining
      • Fishing
      • International Agreements for conservation of fauna and flora
      • Minimising waste and pollution in Antarctica
        • Waste disposal from Antarctica
        • Cleaning up Antarctica
      • Environmental policy and management
        • BAS Environmental Policy
        • Environmental monitoring in Antarctica
        • Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) in Antarctica
          • EIAs for proposed activities in Antarctica prepared by the UK
      • Wildlife and plants
        • Removal of the sledge dogs
        • Preventing the introduction of non-native species to Antarctica
      • Non-native species
    • Polar Geography
      • Ice
      • Rock
      • Ozone
      • Weather
        • Atmosphere
        • Clouds
        • Wind
        • Snow
        • Phenomena
        • Temperatures
        • Aurora
      • Antarctic place names
    • Science in Antarctica
    • Antarctic tourism
      • Antarctic Tourism – Frequently Asked Questions
    • Polar wildlife
      • Penguins
        • Macaroni penguin
        • Adélie penguin
        • Chinstrap penguin
        • Emperor penguin
        • Gentoo penguin
        • King penguin
      • Albatross
      • Other birds
      • Whales and seals
      • Fish and squid
      • Krill
      • Land animals
      • Plants
  • The Arctic
    • Business of the Arctic
    • Britain in the Arctic
    • Arctic geography, wildlife and tourism
    • Science of the Arctic
    • Arctic tourism
  • About British Antarctic Survey
    • Vision and Mission
    • Events
    • BAS Strategy
    • Organisation
      • National capability
      • Our people
        • Our People strategy
      • Science teams
      • Corporate and Innovation teams
      • Our policies
        • Sponsorship policy
        • HR Policies and Procedures
        • Research ethics policy
        • Health and safety policy
      • Our operational teams
        • Operations and Logistics
        • Mapping and Geographic Information
        • Environment Office
    • History
      • History of the British Antarctic Survey
      • History of BAS ships
        • RRS Bransfield
        • MV/RRS John Biscoe (1)
        • RRS John Biscoe (2)
        • RRS/HMS William Scoresby
        • RRS Shackleton
        • RRS Ernest Shackleton – history
          • RRS Ernest Shackleton: virtual tour
          • RRS Ernest Shackleton
      • Operation Tabarin 80th Anniversary
      • Operation Tabarin overview
        • List of Tabarin personnel
        • Sailing South
        • Tabarin gallery
        • First steps
        • Settling in
        • Early exploration
        • Scientific discovery
        • Transition
        • Hope Bay
        • Dog sledging
        • Celebrations
        • A new beginning
      • History of British stations and refuges
        • History of Adelaide (Station T)
        • History of Admiralty Bay (Station G)
        • History of Anvers Island (Station N)
        • History of Bird Island (Station BI)
        • History of Cape Geddes (Station C)
        • History of Danco Island (Station O)
        • History of Cape Reclus refuge
        • History of Deception Island (Station B)
        • History of Detaille Island (Station W)
        • History of Orford Cliff refuge
        • History of Faraday (Station F)
        • History of Rasmussen Hut
        • History of Fossil Bluff (Station KG)
        • History of Halley (Station Z)
        • History of Hope Bay (Station D)
        • History of Horseshoe Island (Station Y)
        • History of Blaiklock Island refuge
        • History of King Edward Point (Station M)
        • History of Livingston Island (Station P)
        • History of Port Lockroy (Station A)
        • History of Prospect Point (Station J)
        • History of Rothera (Station R)
        • History of Damoy Point transit facility
        • History of Sandefjord Bay (Station C)
        • History of Signy (Station H)
        • History of Station K
        • History of Stonington Island (Station E)
        • History of View Point (Station V)
  • Public information services
  • Contact BAS
    • Charging policy
    • Complaints
    • Family and friends support
    • Travel to BAS Cambridge
• Science
  • Work with us
    • Polar fieldwork – how to apply
      • Applying for fieldwork support under ARIA’s Forecasting Tipping Points Research Programme
    • Preparing a funding proposal to NERC
      • Submitting a research proposal to NERC
      • Antarctic logistics funding proposal – costs
      • Pre Award Operational Support Planning Questionnaire
    • Fieldwork opportunities – eligibility
    • Antarctic fieldwork planning
    • Arctic fieldwork planning
    • Collaborative Antarctic Science Scheme
      • Collaborative Antarctic Science Scheme – Introduction
      • CASS – Requirements and Costs
      • CASS – Information for Applicants
  • Our science themes
  • Applying for polar ship research time
  • Research
    • Fellows
      • Honorary Fellows
      • Emeritus Fellows
      • BAS Honorary Researchers
      • Fellowship opportunities
    • Science strategy
      • 2023-24 Science Highlights
      • Science themes and targets
        • Climate change science for developing resilience
        • Protecting coastal and technical infrastructure
        • Sustaining livelihoods and societies
        • Conserving polar biodiversity
        • Safeguarding our future
      • Science into policy
    • Research topics
      • Atmospheric physics & chemistry
      • Climate & climate change
        • Climate change science into Antarctic policy
      • Earth observation
      • Ecology & biodiversity
      • Geosciences
      • Ice & ice-movement
      • Marine ecosystems
      • Oceanography
      • Sea-level rise
      • Space weather
      • Terrestrial & freshwater environments
    • Research projects
    • Research collaborations
      • NERC funded programmes and projects
      • Applying BAS science to global challenges
        • Research capabilities
      • UK National Committee for Antarctic Research
        • UKNCAR membership
        • UKNCAR meetings
    • Funding and awards
  • Science and innovation
    • Aurora Cambridge projects
    • Innovation projects
      • Innovation Case Studies
      • Past Innovation events
      • Knowledge Snacks
    • Towards Net Zero Carbon – Fit for the Future
      • BAS Carbon Footprint 2023-2024
    • Science & art collaborations
  • Science and society
    • COP26 – Supporting the UK Presidency
    • COP26 – Supporting the UK Presidency- watch recordings
    • Space Environment Impacts Expert Group – SEIEG
      • SEIEG Wider Membership
      • SEIEG Origins
    • January 2024 meeting
    • August 2023 meeting
    • Our research impact
      • Space weather – resilience to natural hazards
      • Ecosystems – valuing sustainability
      • Climate science – influencing policy
      • Polarview – service for safer shipping
      • Sea-level rise – reducing uncertainty
    • Schools & Education
      • Discovering Antarctica
      • Polar Engineering
      • Ice Cool Cyber-School
      • Discovering the Arctic
      • Polar Explorer Programme
      • Antarctic Factsheet
    • Public engagement in research
    • Science briefings
  • Science, students and post grads
    • Student Training and PhD Opportunities
      • NERC BAS Advanced Training Short Course
    • NERC Doctoral Training Partnerships
  • Science conferences and events
• Data
  • Explore polar data
    • Images
      • Antarctic picture galleries
        • Ice
        • Fossil images
        • Sledge dogs
        • Clothing
        • Vehicles picture gallery
        • Aerial Photography
        • Remote sensing
        • Maps
        • Wildlife pictures
          • Penguin pictures
          • Seal pictures
          • Albatross pictures
          • Whale pictures
          • Fish, squid and benthic animal pictures
        • Weather and cloud pictures
          • Clouds
          • Weather
      • Video
        • Videos of demonstrations
        • Videos of Oral History Project interviews
        • Videos of messages
        • Videos of Halley VI
        • Videos of aurora
        • Videos of ice shelves
        • Videos of icebergs
        • Videos of scenery and people
        • Videos of sea-ice and sea
        • Videos of Antarctica’s Gamburtsev Province Project (AGAP)
        • Videos of ice science
        • Videos of Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica (LIMA)
        • Videos of unmanned aerial vehicles
        • Videos of aircraft
        • Videos of vehicles
        • Videos of birds
        • Videos of marine wild-life
        • Videos of penguins
        • Videos of seals
        • Videos of whales
      • Webcams
        • RRS Sir David Attenborough Webcam
        • Ny-Ålesund webcam
        • Bird Island webcam
        • King Edward Point webcam
        • Rothera webcam
        • Halley VI webcam
    • Maps
      • How to order a map
      • Mapping Antarctica
      • Online mapping resources
      • Topographic maps
        • Antarctica and the Arctic
        • Antarctic Peninsula and Weddell Sea / Graham Land and South Shetland Islands
        • Adelaide Island and Arrowsmith Peninsula
        • South Orkney Islands and Signy Island
        • Greenland and the European Arctic
        • South Georgia and The Shackleton Crossing
        • South Shetland Islands
        • Busen Region, South Georgia
        • Scotia Sea/Graham Land and South Shetland Islands
        • Thatcher Peninsula, South Georgia
        • Brabant Island to Adelaide Island
        • Northern Antarctic Peninsula
      • Geological maps
        • GEOMAP 1 — Geological Map of South Georgia, Sheet 1
        • GEOMAP 2 — Aeromagnetic anomaly map of West Antarctica (Weddell Sea sector), Sheet 2
        • GEOMAP 3 — Geological map of Adelaide Island to Foyn Coast, Sheet 3
        • GEOMAP 4 — Geological map of Shackleton Range, Antarctica, Sheet 4
        • GEOMAP 5 — Geomorphological map of Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, Sheet 5A
        • GEOMAP 6 — Geology and geomorphology of Deception Island, Sheet 6
      • Thematic maps
        • Bedmap2 – Bed Topography of Antarctica
        • Bedmap3 – Bed Topography of Antarctica
        • Greenland Basal Topography
        • ADMAP — Magnetic Anomaly Map of the Antarctic
        • Tectonic Map of the Scotia Arc
      • Digital mapping
      • Mapping themed books
        • Topographical Survey and Mapping of British Antarctic Territory, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 1944-1986
        • Antarctic Peninsula: A Visitor’s Guide
    • Data systems
    • Research papers
    • Our publications
      • Scientific Reports (1953-1991)
      • BAS Bulletins (1963-1988)
    • Polar collections
      • Archive collections
        • List of records
        • Access to records
      • South Georgia Marine Biodiversity Database (SGMarBase)
        • Annelids distribution map
        • Bryozoans distribution map
        • Chordates distribution map
        • Cnidarians distribution map
        • Crustaceans distribution map
        • Echinoderms distribution map
        • Molluscs distribution map
        • Sponges distribution map
      • Biological collections
      • Geological collections
        • Fossils from the Antarctic
        • Fossil locations in Antarctica
        • Rock collection
        • Sediment core collection
      • Ice
  • UK Polar Data Centre
    • Operational data management
    • Support for research grants
      • Data planning guidance
    • Metadata guidance
    • FAQs
    • Reviewer Access
    • Core Trust Seal
    • Data deposit
    • Data citation and publishing
      • Obtaining a Data DOI
    • Data collaborations
      • Data projects
    • Data policy
    • Data centre contacts
  • BAS data teams
    • Photographic Services
    • Mapping and Geographic Information
• Polar operations
  • Antarctic Pre-Deployment Training (PDT)
    • Antarctic Winter Teams Training
    • Pre-Deployment Training – DOWNLOAD page
    • AEP: Job specific training
    • AEP: Travel information
    • AEP: IT & Communications
    • AEP: News and updates
    • AEP: Kitting out
    • AEP: FAQs & Key contacts
    • AEP: Expenses
    • Pre-Deployment Training 2024
  • Operational strategy
  • Antarctic Infrastructure Modernisation Programme
  • Polar research facilities
    • Labs
    • NERC ARF Data Processing
    • Polar research stations hub
    • Research ship
      • SDA Science Trials
      • Science this season
      • Science at sea
    • Aircraft capability
      • Pilot information
      • NERC ARF Mission Planning
      • NERC ARF Policy
      • Quality Control Procedures
    • Offices and laboratories
    • Stations, ship and aircraft
  • Life in the polar regions
    • Virtual visits to the Polar Regions
      • Ascension Island
      • Cambridge, UK
      • Antarctic Briefing Conference
      • Clothing Store
      • Field Training Course
      • How to travel
      • Ascension Island
      • King Neptune’s Court
      • The Falkland Islands
      • Your accommodation in the Falklands
      • Dash-7 Aircraft
      • Port Lockroy
      • Rothera Research Station
      • Field Training Camp
      • Twin Otter Aircraft
      • Halley Research Station
      • Fossil Bluff
      • Sky Blu
      • Bird Island Research Station
      • King Edward Point Research Station
      • Signy Research Station
      • The Weddell Sea
    • Camping and deep-field working
    • Food
    • Polar clothing
    • Health
    • IT communications and networks
  • Engineering and technology
    • Shipborne engineering and technology
      • Undulating Oceanography Recorder
      • Mooring systems
      • Scientific mooring winch
    • Engineering on ice
    • Technology, tools and methods
      • Airborne science
        • Airborne Geophysics Instrumentation Specifications
        • Polarimetric Radar
        • Aerogravity
      • Geological mapping
      • Seabed mapping
      • Low Power Magnetometer (LPM)
      • Global Positioning System (GPS)
      • Telecommunications in Antarctica
      • Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)
      • Remote Sensing
    • Vehicles engineering and technology
      • Sno-Cats and snowmobiles
      • Cranes and tractors
      • Utility vehicles
      • Snow blower
      • iSTAR tractor traverse
  • Operational collaborations
    • Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes
    • Antarctic collaborations
    • Arctic collaborations
• People
• News and media
  • News and Press Releases
    • BA Festival of Science – Frontiers in Polar Science
  • Polar video gallery
  • British Antarctic Survey logo usage
  • bas.ac.uk/live
  • Beyond the Ice
    • September 2023: Where has all the sea ice gone?
    • October 2023: Why increasing melting of West Antarctic ice shelves may be unavoidable
    • November 2023: How is AI being used for good in the Arctic?
    • December 2023: Inside the race to Net Zero at British Antarctic Survey
    • Beyond the Ice: podcast festive specials
    • January 2024: Why 2023 was an exceptional year for Antarctic sea ice
    • March 2024: Planning for the next 10 years of polar research
    • July 2024: Extreme weather, on the continent of extremes
    • September 2024: When scientists talk about the climate
    • Why does melting Arctic ice matter? | Beyond the Ice topical commentary
  • Iceworld Podcast
  • Media visits
  • Resources for journalists
  • Latest blogs
    • Bird Island Research station diaires archive
  • BAS Press Office contacts
  • BAS Creative Services contacts
• Jobs at BAS
  • Sir David Attenborough Recruitment
  • Jobs in Antarctica
  • Current Vacancies
    • Jobs by email
    • EDI Internship Programme
  • Careers at BAS
    • Working as a Field Guide
    • Science careers
      • Video clips – science careers
      • Science career case studies
        • Hua, atmospheric scientist
        • Dirk, conservation biologist
        • Chester, molecular phylogeneticist
        • Alison, geographic data analyst
        • Alex, database manager
        • Tara, marine geophysicist
        • Phillip, geological scientist
        • Pete, terrestrial ecologist
        • Rachel, marine biologist
        • Rebecca, senior scientific officer
        • Amelie, satellite meteorologist
    • Engineering and technology careers
      • Carl, aircraft instrumentation engineer
      • Chris, communications systems engineer
    • Station and Field Support Roles
      • Richard, field assistant
      • Boating Officer
      • Field Guide
        • Tim, field assistant and winter station leader
      • Carpenter/Builder
      • Chef
        • Isabelle, chef manager
      • Antarctic Atmospheric Scientist
      • Radio Operator
        • Dave, wintering IT & communications manager, Halley
      • Data Manager
      • Electrical Power Generation Technician
      • Electronics Engineer
      • Field Dive Officer
      • Joiner/Builder
      • Zoological Field Assistant
      • Wintering IT Engineer
      • Maintenance Technician (Electrical)
      • Station Support Assistant
      • Scientific Assistant
      • Maintenance Technician (Mechanical)
        • Eric, mechanical services technician
      • Mobile Plant Mechanic
      • Marine Biologist / Zoological Field Assistant
      • Marine Biologist
      • Mobile Plant Operator
      • Steel Erector
    • Mariners
      • Crew profile: Steve, ETO Communications (Radio Officer), RRS Ernest Shackleton
    • Pilots
  • Work experience opportunities
  • Working for BAS
    • Inclusive culture
      • The BAS Staff Forum
      • Safety Together
      • The BAS Equality Diversity and Inclusion Network
      • Equality, Diversity and Inclusion Champions
      • Taking the Pledge on Diversity & Inclusion
    • Equality, diversity and inclusion
      • Equality, Diversity and Inclusion at BAS
    • Employee benefits
    • Vacancies
      • Web Systems Developer – Background Technical Information
    • Life in Cambridge
  • Contact HR
• Summary of features for the BAS Global Dynamic Radiation Belt Model
• Special projects